Learn more about high-yield muni bonds and how they work.
What Are High-Yield Municipal Bonds?
High yield munis are municipal bonds issued by state or local governments. They are unrated by the major rating agencies or they have credit ratings that are below-investment grade. That means they’re rated below Baa (by Moody’s) or BBB (by S&P and Fitch). Investors own high-yield munis for the obvious reason: They offer higher income than their investment-grade counterparts and they are tax-free on the federal level. They may be tax-free on the state and local levels as well. However, with the higher yield also come some important differences compared with the investment-grade market. Those differences are detailed below.
Liquidity
The high-yield muni market is much smaller than the investment-grade market. It is much less “liquid." This means that trading volumes are lower. For investors in mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs), that isn’t an issue; liquidity only comes into play for investors in individual securities. But the lack of liquidity also means that high-yield munis can have a greater downside when bond prices weaken.
A Different Set of Risks
Investment-grade municipal bonds are more affected by interest rate risk and less affected by credit risk. But the opposite is usually true for high-yield bonds. In other words, performance is driven more by the financial strength of the underlying issuers rather than movements in interest rates. This means that high-yield munis are more sensitive to fluctuations in the economy than investment grade issues. High-yield munis can, therefore, offer a measure of diversification to a portfolio that is heavily weighted in higher quality bonds.
Higher Default Risk
From 1970 to 2021, only 0.9% of municipal bonds that were rated investment grade defaulted (i.e., failed to make interest or principal payments) within 10 years after issuance. In contrast, 6.94% of below-investment-grade muni bonds defaulted during this time. This indicates that default risk, while not particularly high on an absolute basis, is much higher for below-investment-grade munis, a potential issue when a weaker economy pressures the finances of state and local governments.
More Volatility
High-yield securities generally have more price volatility, meaning their prices fluctuate more and are harder to predict than investment-grade bonds. That volatility is another form of risk.
Long-Term Returns
Higher risk may translate to higher yields, but that doesn’t always mean higher total returns in a given period. In June 2020, for instance, the average five-year total return of funds in Morningstar’s High Yield Municipal Bond Funds category was 3.93%, which was not that far above the 3.11% return for the Municipal National Intermediate Funds category.
Determine the Fit
Investors who are considering high-yield municipal bonds need to weigh these factors. Be sure to consider whether the extra yield compensates for the additional risks. High-yield munis are most appropriate for aggressive investors. They also may work well for those with longer-term time horizons that enable them to absorb some short-term volatility. Before deciding the proportion of your portfolio to invest in high-yield vs. investment-grade bonds, you should first figure out whether you should be in tax-exempt issues. Tax advantages are typically offset by lower yields, so you should compare the yields of taxable investment-grade corporate and government bonds using the tax-equivalent yield of the municipal bond you’re considering. In most cases, investors in higher tax brackets benefit most from munis’ tax benefits.
How To Invest
The rate of default among individual securities is relatively high in the high-yield muni segment. It’s best suited for experienced investors who have enough wealth to absorb potential losses. Fortunately, there is an abundance of options available in both mutual funds and ETFs. A list of high-yield municipal bond mutual funds, together with one-, three-, and five-year returns, is available from Morningstar. The company also has a list of ETFs that focus on the asset class. In both cases, you’ll need to look for the term “High Yield” in the Morningstar Category column. These funds can be purchased with a brokerage account.
